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Nicholas Francis (French: ''Nicolas François de Lorraine''; 6 December 1609 – 25 January 1670), also known as Nicholas II, was briefly Duke of Lorraine and Duke of Bar for a few months in 1634, spanning the time between the abdication of his older brother and his own resignation. He was therefore Duke during the invasion of Lorraine by the French in the Thirty Years War. ==Biography== Nicholas Francis was the youngest son of Duke Francis II of Lorraine and his wife, Christina of Salm. Born on the feast of Saint Nicholas, he was named in his honour. His sister was Marguerite of Lorraine, the Duchess of Orléans and wife of Gaston, Duke of Orléans. As it appeared unlikely that he would succeed to the duchy, he was destined for the church. He was made coadjutor bishop of Toul, in spite of his youth, in 1619 and succeeded to the see in 1624, but never actually received any sacred orders. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pont-à-Mousson, 1622–1629. He returned to Nancy in June 1629. The thesis he prepared on the sacrament of penance was printed in Holland in 1627 with a dedication to Pope Urban VIII. After his promotion to the cardinalate, he received private lessons from two Jesuit priests. Nicholas Francis was named abbot ''in commendam'' – a lucrative sinecure – of several abbeys and was sent on several embassies by his brother, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, and by Louis XIII of France. He was created cardinal on 19 January 1626, but ''in pectore''; the appointment remained unproclaimed until 30 August 1627. He never received the red hat or a cardinal-deaconry. When in 1634 his brother Charles was pressured into resigning his realm in his favor, he became sovereign Duke of Lorraine. He wrote to Pope Urban VIII, 4 March 1634, resigning the cardinalate to marry his cousin Claude of Lorraine, the second daughter of Henry I, on 17–18 February. On 8 March 1634, the pope declared him ''in nullo e sacris ordinis constitutum'', depriving him of the cardinalate and the diocese of Toul. In the consistory of 22 March 1634, the pope communicated the news to the cardinals. Immediately following Nicholas's accession to the dukedom, the French invaded the duchy and forced the new duke to sign a treaty recognizing their right to occupy it. In April 1634, Nicholas himself fled into exile, and soon after abdicated himself, returning the claim to the duchy to his older brother, Charles. With one brief exception, Charles would not, however, be able to return to his duchy until 1661. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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